Introduction:
A Loan provisioning is an expense that reserved for default/bad performing loans/credits. It is an amount set aside in the event of that loans defaults. or It is an expense set aside as an allowance for bad loans or credits. Loan loss provision is also known as the "Valuation Allowance" or "Valuation Reserve".
In any group of loans, banks expects there can be some loans that do not perform as expected. These loans may be delinquent on their repayments or default the entire loan. This can create a loss to the bank on expected income. Therefore, banks can set aside a portion of the expected repayments from all loans in its portfolio to cover all or a portion of the loss. In the event of loss or in critical situations banks can use the amount set aside to cover the loss instead of taking a loss in its cash flow. This loan loss reserve acts as an internal insurance fund.
Example:
Let's assume MFI/Bank ABC has made $ 100,000 of loans to different individuals and companies. Though ABC MFI/Bank works very hard to ensure that it lends to only those people who can repay the total amount on time, naturally some may default, some may fall behind and for some ABC MFI/Bank has to renegotiate.
MFI/Bank ABC estimates that 1% of loans amount that is $ 1000 will never comeback. So this $ 1000 is ABC MFI's/Bank's loan loss reserve and it records this amount as negative number on the asset portion of its balance sheet.If and when MFI/Bank ABC decides to write all or a portion of a loan off, it will remove the loan from its asset balance and also remove the amount of the write-off from the loan loss reserve. The amount deducted from the loan loss reserve may be tax deductible for MFI/Bank ABC.
How to define a Loan Provision:
Any loan can be categorized into 4 types and the definition of these categories changes country to country. For example
- Standard: Good financial condition. The debtor is paying the principal and interest punctually without any dues.
- Sub-Standard: Some payments of principal and/or interest are overdue by 'x' amount of days or more.
- Doubtful Loan: Some payments of principal and/or interest are overdue as follows
- 'y' days or more in the case of a loan with an original term of less than 1 year
- 'z' days or more in the case of a loan with an original term of one year or more
- Loss: Some payments of principal and/or interest are overdue as follows
- 't1' days or more in the case of a loan with an original term of less than 1 year
- 't2' days or more in the case of a loan with an original term of one year or more
Based on in which category the loan belongs to MFI/Bank can reserve the amount based on his country regulations. For example
- For the loans falls under Standard category no need to have any provision or management can take the decision to keep 5% of the loan amount aside
- For the loans falls under Sub-Standard category, the management can decide to keep 20% of the loan amount aside
- For the loans falls under Doubtful category, the management can decide to keep 50% of the loan amount aside
- For the loans falls under Loss category, the management can decide to keep 100% of the loan amount aside
Loan Loss Provision Implementation in Mifos X:
We need to create a table to keep all loan provision categories.The table name is 'm_loanproduct_provision_category''. The table definition is defined below. The category names will vary based customer to customer.
| Name | Datatype | Length | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| id | BIGINT | 20 | Primary Key & Auto Increment |
| category_name | VARCHAR | 100 | Not Null |
| Description | VARCHAR | 200 |
By default Mifos X system will create and insert the following categories into this table based on customer requirements. So the data will look like below.
| id | category_name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | STANDARD | Punctual Payment without any dues |
| 2 | SUB-STANDARD | Principal and/or Interest overdue by x days |
| 3 | DOUBTFUL | Principal and/or Interest overdue by y days with 1 year original term (or) Principal and/or Interest overdue by z days with more than 1 year term
|
| 4 | LOSS | Principal and/or Interest overdue by t1 days with 1 year original term (or) Principal and/or Interest overdue by t2 days with more than 1 year term |
Note: We can provide a GUI in client to add these categories into this table which is not covered in this specification.
Now how to associate loan provision to a product? In create loan product screen, we have the option to enable loan loss provision as shown in mock up screen below
In this screen, we can define all parameters required for this provision calculation. This information will be stored in 'm_loanproduct_provision_details'. The table definition is defined below.
| NAME | Datatype | Length | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| id | BIGINT | 20 | PRIMARY KEY & AUTOINCREMENT |
| loanproduct_id | BIGINT | 20 | FOREIGN KEY |
| category_id | BIGINT | 20 | FOREIGN KEY |
| min_age | BIGINT | 20 | NOT NULL |
| max_age | BIGINT | 20 | NOT NULL |
| provision_percentage | INT | 4 | DEFAULT 0 |
| debit_account | VARCHAR | 100 | NOT NULL |
| credit_account | VARCHAR | 100 | NOT NULL |
| created_by | VARCHAR | 100 | app user name |
| created_on | DATE | ||
| modified_by | VARCHAR | 100 | |
| modified_on | DATE |
For any given customer, the provision details for a particular loan product will look like below.
| id | loanproduct_id | category_id | min_age | max_age | provision_percentage | debit_account | credit_account | created_by | created_on | modified_by | modified_by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10345 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | abcd expense | provision asset | Nazeer | 31-Dec-2014 | Vishwas | 10-Jan-2015 |
| 2 | 10345 | 2 | 30 | 60 | 20 | abcd expense | provision asset | Nazeer | 31-Dec-2014 | Vishwas | 10-Jan-2015 |
| 3 | 10345 | 3 | 60 | 180 | 50 | abcd expense | provision asset | Nazeer | 31-Dec-2014 | Vishwas | 10-Jan-2015 |
| 4 | 10345 | 4 | 180 | 360 | 90 | abcd expense | provision asset | Nazeer | 31-Dec-2014 | Vishwas | 10-Jan-2015 |
Provision Calculation For Loan: